What is Responsive Web Design?

The web designing is a reactive approach, the idea that the design and development must respond to the behaviour and environment of the users depending on the size of the screen, the platform and the orientation.

The practice consists of a combination of rasterised and flexible page designs, images and an intelligent use of CSS media requests. When the user changes from his laptop to the iPad, the web site will automatically scale, taking into account the resolution, the size of the image and the capabilities of the script. It may also be necessary to take into account the parameters of your devices; If there is, for example, a VPN for iOS on an iPad, the web site does not block the access of users to the site. In other words, the Web site must be equipped with a technology that allows it to respond automatically to the user's preferences. This would require a separate phase of design and development for each new device on the market.

Concept of Responsive Web Design:

If we transfer this discipline to web design, we have a similar idea, but completely new. Why do we create a custom Web design for each group of users; after all, architects don’t design buildings for each group size and type that passes through it? The reactive architecture should also automatically adapt to the web design. This does not necessarily require countless customised solutions for each new category of users.

Evidently, we cannot use motion sensors and robotics, because that cannot be done, just like a building that is supposed to be built. The conception of the reactive Web requires a more abstract approach. However, some ideas have been implemented: fluid designs, multimedia applications and guides that can be reformatted or linearised manually (or automatically).

But with responsive web design, it is not just about adjusting screen resolutions and automatically resizing images, but about a new art, thinking in design. Let’s talk about all these functions and additional ideas in development.

Adjusting Screen Resolution:

With the plus of the devices come different screen resolutions, settings and orientations. Every day, new devices are developed with new screen sizes, and each one of these devices can handle variations in size, functionality and even colour. Many are in square format, others in tall format and others are still quite square. As we know, due to the increasing popularity of iPhone, iPad and advanced smartphones, many new devices can come in both horizontal and vertical formats.

In addition to designing horizontal and vertical formats (and the possibility that these orientations may change immediately upon page load), we must take into account hundreds of different screen sizes. If possible, let's regroup into main categories, to delve into each one of them and to make each design as smooth as it needs to be shaped. In addition, many users do not maximise their browser, which automatically leaves a lot of space for a variety of screen sizes.
Web design describes a design strategy that makes websites flexible. Responsive web design is all about creating a website that is suitable and functional on all devices, regardless of size. In responsive web design, we build websites to adapt web content and adapt to different screen sizes.

Components of Web Design:

There are three main components of responsive web design and they are:

1. Fluid Grids: A fluid grid divides the width of a page into smaller columns of the same size in which the content is placed. A fluid grid layout helps to create different layouts that adapt to different screen sizes to properly display the website.
When comparing a fluid layout to a fixed layout, a fluid layout uses relative measurements and is sensitive to the width of a window, while a fixed layout uses static measurements and is not sensitive to the width of the window.
A floating grid sets a maximum layout size for the layout and divides the grid into a specified number of columns to keep the layout clean and easy to manage. It also styles each of the elements with proportional widths and heights. This helps elements adjust their width and height when the screen is resized.

2. Flexible Images: Flexible images are also called responsive images in responsive web design. They offer imaging solutions with no fixed screen size limitation. This helps to resize images cleanly and beautifully.
Images are scaled to 100% of the elements they contain using the following example:
/* lines of code*/

img{

    max-width:100%;

}

In order for images to scale in larger viewports, they must be large enough to render well. If the width property is set to a percentage and the height property is set to auto, the image will respond and grow or shrink. For example:
img{

    width: 100%;

    height:auto

}

3. Media Queries: CSS media queries are one of the most important parts of responsive web design.
Media Query is a CSS3 feature that allows the content of a web page to be tailored to the type of media the page is displayed on. The basic media query syntax is:
@media not|only mediatype and (expressions) {

    CSS-Code;

  }

Media queries allow you to provide alternative CSS styles based on viewport width or other parameters. They also allow you to specify various screen sizes and make the page responsive. They also help set breakpoints. Let's take a quick example; Let's change the background colour to red when the max width is 600px:
@media screen and (max-width:600px){

    body{

        background-color:red;

    }

}

Multiple conditions can also be defined. For example, to use a style for different screen widths from 600 pixels to 1024 pixels, we could do the following:
@media screen (min-width:600px) and (max-width:1024px) {

    body{

        color:yellow;

    }

}

Technical Challenges of Responsive Web Design:
Responsive web design, like any other type of web design, has its own set of obstacles. Some of the most significant of these obstacles include:

1. First, you need to determine if people viewing a site on a mobile device expect to see the same content as those viewing the entire site on a desktop computer. You should also take into account whether the content presented varies from device to device.

2. Large images and other media can usually be scaled down to fit smaller screens, but how do you deal with the resulting page growth and slow site speed?

3. You also need to think about how to develop content that looks just as good on a large desktop screen as it does on mobile devices with different pixel densities.

4. After all, how do you test a responsive web design website on all the devices a user may use to access it?

Benefits of Responsive Web Design:
The advantages of responsive web design include:

1. Improves the speed at which a website loads on multiple devices. A higher loading speed not only improves the user experience but also affects web positioning.

2. Increases website traffic by making the website accessible on all devices and attracting a larger audience.

3. Reduce the time needed to create different websites for different devices.

4. Provide users with a consistent experience across all devices.

Set the Viewport:
Pages optimised for multiple devices should contain a balance of the meta visualization area in the document header. A Meta-Viewport-Tag gives instructions to the browser, which can control the dimensions and scale of the page.
To provide the best experience possible, render the page of the mobile browser with a desktop screen width (generally around 980 pixels, although this varies from one device to another), then try to improve the appearance of the content by increasing the font size , then the screen adapts the content consequently. This means that the font sizes may appear inconsistent to the user, which may require touching twice or zooming in to show the content and interact with it.

Using the values of the area of meta-display width=device-width refers to the side, the width of the screen corresponds to pixels independent of the device. A pixel independent of the device (or of the density) is a representation of a single pixel, which can exist in a screen with a density higher than that of a number of physical pixels. This way, the content of the page can be adapted to different screen sizes, whether it is generated on a small portable phone or a large desktop screen.

Some browsers maintain a constant page width when they are in horizontal mode and zoom instead of fluffing to fill the screen. The sum of the values initial-scale=1 indicates that a browser, which corresponds to the orientation of the device, sets a 1:1 behaviour between the CSS pixels and the device-independent pixels, and allows the page to use all Screen format size.
The encapsulated Lighthouse-Audit can help automate the process without balancing the with a width or an initial size, to ensure that your HTML documents use the valid Viewport meta-tag correctly.

Ensure an accessible viewport:
In addition to the definition of the initial scale, you can also define the following attributes in the Views window:

1. Minimum Scale
2. Maximum Scale
3. User-Scalable

If they are defined, they may disable the ability of users to zoom in on display windows, which could cause accessibility problems. Therefore, we do not recommend the use of these attributes.

Size Content to the Viewport:
As much in desktop computers as in mobile devices, users are used to moving through web sites in vertical form, but not in horizontal form. The user before the balancer, scrolls horizontally or zooms back to see the whole page, leading to a poor user experience.

When developing a mobile web site with a meta viewing area balance, it can be easy to accidentally create pages whose content does not fit exactly into the specified viewing area. For example, an image displayed larger than the display window can cause a horizontal deviation of the display window. You should adapt the content in a way that corresponds to the width of the display areas, so that the user does not have to move horizontally.
If the content does not have a suitable size for the viewing area, Lighthouse-Audit can help automate the process of detecting unloaded content.

Images:
An image has fixed dimensions and when it is larger than the display window, a deviation bar appears. A common method to solve this problem is to set all images to a maximum width of 100%. This causes the image to be resized, as the size of the display window approaches the available space, the size of the display window becomes smaller than the image itself. However, if the width exceeds the maximum width and if the width does not exceed 100%, the image will not be stretched beyond its natural size. But in general, it is prudent to add the following elements to your style sheet in order not to have problems with images that cause a bar of corruption.
img {

 max-width: 100%;

 display: block;

}

Add the dimensions of the image to the img element:
If you use max-width: 100%, overwrite the natural dimensions of the images, but always use the width and height attributes in your base . In fact, modern browsers use this information to reserve space for the image before loading. This allows users to avoid modifications to the design while loading the content.

Layout-
Since screen sizes and CSS-Pixel widths vary greatly from one device to another (ie, between phones and tablets and even between different phones), the content of the collar does not have to have a certain width of the display area.
In the past, it was necessary to define the parameters to create designs on the page in percentages. In the following example, we will see a page layout of two columns with floating elements whose size is specified in pixels. Once the window is divided smaller than the total width, we must scroll horizontally to see the content.

When using percentages for the width, the divisions always fall within a certain percentage of the containers. This means that the columns are reduced instead of creating a deviation bar.
Modern techniques of page design CSS such as Flex-box, Grid Layout and Multicol facilitate the creation of flexible frames.

Flex-Box:
This layout method is ideal if you have a row of items of different sizes and want them to fit comfortably in one or more rows, taking up less space with smaller items and more space with larger items.
.items {

 display: flex;

 justify-content: space-between;

}

In a responsive design, you can use flex-box to display an element in a single line or distribute it across multiple lines, always taking up the available space.

CSS Grid Layout:
CSS Grid Layout allows the creation of simple and flexible grids. If we deviate from the previous example of Float, we recommend, instead of creating our columns with percentages, to use the Raster Layout and the free unit, which represents part of the space available in the container.
.container {

 display: grid;

 grid-template-columns: 1fr 3fr;

}

The grid can also be used to create regular plot designs with as many elements as possible. The number of titles available is reduced when the size of the screen is reduced. In the next demo, we have as many cards as possible in each row, with a minimum size of 200 pixels.

Multiple-Column Layout:
For certain types of page layouts, you can use the multiple column page layout, which, with the column width property, can create an appropriate number of columns. In the demonstration below, you can see that the columns are aggregated when there is space for other 200 pixel columns.

Use CSS Media Queries for Responsiveness:
Sometimes, it is possible to make more significant modifications to the design of your page to account for a certain screen size, such as adding the techniques presented earlier. The media requests are useful here.
The multimedia applications are simple filters that can be applied in CSS style. Facilitates changing the style in relation to the type of device, the content in the course of a conference or the functions of the device. The width, the height, the orientation, the ability to move the mouse pointer in and around a device used such as a touch screen.

You can also add a print style to your main sheet style to help with a multimedia request:
@media print {

 /* print styles go here */

}

As for responsive web design, we only consider the functions of the device, to provide a different design for smaller and smaller screens, or if we determine that our visitor uses a touch screen.

Media Queries based on viewport size:
The multimedia applications allow us to create an interactive experience by applying certain styles to small screens, large screens and anywhere between them. The functionality that we recognise here is therefore the size of the screen, and we can try the following options.
1. Width (Min-width, Max-width)
2. Height (Min-height, Max-height)
3. Orientation
4. Aspect Ratio

All of these functions have excellent browser support. More detailed details, including information about browser loading, can be found in Size, height, orientation and aspect ratio on MDN.

Media Queries Based on Device Capability:
Given the variety of devices available, it cannot be ruled out that each large device may be a desktop computer or a normal portable, or that people may not use a touch screen on a smaller device. With some new additions to the specification for multimedia requests, the functions can be tested. The Art of Zeegers, which is used to interact with the device, and the user can move the element.
1. Hover
2. Pointer
3. Any-Hover
4. Any-Pointer

These new functions have been incorporated into all modern browsers. More information on the MDN page for Hover, Any-Hover, Pointer, Any-Pointer.

Using Any-Hover and Any-Pointer:
Features like any-hover and any-pointer, test if the user has the capability to hover, or use that type of pointer even if it is not the primary way they are interacting with their device. The device is very careful when it is used. However, Any-Hover and Any-Pointer can be useful if it is important to know what they mean for a device and a user. For example, a portable computer with a touch screen and a trackpad may be combined with the possibility of sliding and the pointers thicker and finer.

How to Choose Breakpoints: You define the stop points that do not work in the class of the device. The definition of stop points according to certain devices, products, brands or operating systems used today can generate maintenance costs. The page design should determine the content itself, as well as the appropriate page design for its container.

Pick Major Breakpoints by starting small, then working up:
First conceive the type of content that adapts to a small screen size, then expand the screen until a pause is needed. This way, you can optimise the stop points based on the content and keep the number of stop points as low as possible.
Let's take an example that uses the principle: the climate. The first step consists of making sure that the forecasts are displayed on a small screen.

Modify the size of the navigations to the maximum, as long as there is as much space as possible between the elements, and the prediction doesn't seem very simple. The decision is somewhat subjective, but more than 600 pixels is undoubtedly too big.

To insert a 600 px stop point, create two media requests at the end of your CSS for the component, one for browsers with a width of 600 px or less and the other for browsers with a width greater than 600 px.
@media (max-width: 600px) {

 

}

 

@media (min-width: 601px) {

 

}

All that you have to do is refactor the CSS. Aggregate CSS inside the media request to have a maximum width of 600 pixels, which does not apply to smaller screens. Aggregate CSS inside the multimedia request to have a minimum width of 601 pixels for larger screens.

Pick Minor Breakpoints When Necessary:
In addition to selecting the larger stop points, it is also useful to apply modifications to the smaller ones if the layout changes significantly. Among these, larger stop points can be useful, for example, to adjust the margin or fill of an element, or to increase the font size so that it looks more natural in the location of the page.
Let's start with the optimisation of page layouts on small screens. Increase the font in this case, if the width of the display areas is greater than 360 pixels. The pairs can then, if there is enough space available, separate the high and low temperatures so that they lie in the same line and do not cross each other. These exaggerations are also a little off the climate symbols.
@media (min-width: 360px) {

 body {

   font-size: 1.0em;

 }

}

 

@media (min-width: 500px) {

 .seven-day-fc .temp-low,

 .seven-day-fc .temp-high {

   display: inline-block;

   width: 45%;

 }

 

 .seven-day-fc .seven-day-temp {

   margin-left: 5%;

 }

 

 .seven-day-fc .icon {

   width: 64px;

   height: 64px;

 }

}

Also, it is preferable that the screens have large limits on the maximum width of the prediction zones, so that they do not consume the entire screen width.
@media (min-width: 700px) {

 .weather-forecast {

   width: 700px;

 }

}

Optimise Test for Reading:
Classic gender theory dictates that an ideal column should contain 70 to 80 characters per line (or 8 to 10 words in English). Therefore, each time that the width of a block of text exceeds 10 words, you can add points.

On smaller screens, Robot-Text works perfectly at 1 meter and 10 words per line, but larger screens require a pause. If the browser width in this case is greater than 575 pixels, the ideal content width is 550 pixels.
@media (min-width: 575px) {

 article {

   width: 550px;

   margin-left: auto;

   margin-right: auto;

 }

}

Avoid Simply Hiding Content:
Be careful to select the content you want to hide or show according to the size of the screen. You can't mix the content easily, simply because it doesn't fit on the screen. For example, exposure to climate pollen can be a serious problem for allergic children, who need information to know if they may or may not be exposed.

Conclusion:
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